Effect of Interval Aerobic Training and Mindfulness Breathing on Hormonal, Metabolic, and Tumor Markers in Postmenopausal

Summary

PURPOSE: to determine the effect of interval training and mindfulness breathing on sex hormones, metabolic and tumor markers BACKGROUND: Cancer is one of death top causes in many countries1. In Egypt for example, cancer incidence is 157.0 per 100 000 women with probability increasing up to three-fold by 2050 especially in older adult women2. Who exhibit multiple factors leading to cancer including but not limited to physical inactivity and postmenopausal obesity which considered the starting point of developing insulin resistance3. High blood insulin level stimulates cancer progression by enhancing cell proliferation, decreasing cells apoptosis, increased level of fatty acids in conjunction with higher tumor cell formation capacity invasion and survival4. Moreover, high level of insulin resistance and adipose tissue increase the hormonal level of estradiol and testosterone coupled with lower SHBG level. It was noticed that being postmenopausal women with high adipose tissue content will increase the risk of having cancer in which adipose tissue is considered as the main source of steroids hormones that functioning in a different way rather than in premenopausal age. Based on the mentioned underlying conditions, postmenopausal women subjected to have variable types of cancer such as breast, endometrial, stomach, etc6. So, regular screening of cancer incidence especially in high-risk women through tumor indicators is necessitated to work against further cancer progression. CEA and CA125 are low-cost tumor blood biomarkers used widely for early cancer identification, recurrence monitoring and follow up which linked to proinflammatory cytokines production . HYPOTHESES: may have no effect to interval training and mindfulness breathing on sex hormones , metabolic and tumor markers in postmenopausal women RESEARCH QUESTION: Is there effect to interval training and mindfulness on sex hormones , metabolic and tumor markers in postmenopausal women?

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

* Sixty Postmenopausal women (55-65 y)
* Body mass index (BMI) ranged from 35 to 39.9 kg/m2
* Postmenopausal more than 2 years

Exclusion Criteria:

* • women receiving weight-reduction interventions

  * taking lipid lowering drugs
  * regular medications(e.g., β-blockers, α-blockers, digoxin, diuretics, aspirin, nitrates, Presently using sex hormones)
  * having active chronic illness (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, hyperthyroidism, and inflammatory bowel disease) and diabetes mellitus or other (unstable) endocrine-related diseases
  * cognitive impairment that will make it difficult to partake in the study
  * presence of malignant disease
  * blood donation within the last 30 days
  * Participation as a subject in any type of study or research during the prior 90 days
  * smoking

Conditions2

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