Preoperative Detection of Muscle Invasion in Bladder Cancer with Contrast-enhanced Ultrasonography

Summary

To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of CEUS for the preoperative staging of bladder cancer, which would benefit the implementation of efficient therapeutic strategies.

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

* (a) eligible patients should be 18-year-old or older;
* (b) patients should have a histologically or cytologically confirmed diagnosis of primary bladder cancer;
* (c) patients should not have had any surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or any therapy before CEUS diagnosis.

Exclusion Criteria:

* (a) participants with confirmed to have no carcinoma of the bladder;
* (b) participants with previous pelvic surgery, who had undergone therapy, any bladder surgery, or had received chemotherapy, radiotherapy or immunotherapy;
* (c) participants diagnosed with tumor recurrence or metastasis; (d) participants who were allergic to ultrasound contrast agents or could not tolerate CEUS examination, for instance, with recent myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, cardiac insufficiency, severe cardiac arrhythmia, a right/left cardiac shunt, severe pulmonary hypertension, uncontrolled systemic hypertension, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Conditions2

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