High Intensity Interval Training in Pre and Postmenopausal Women With Type II Diabetes.

Summary

Diabetes Mellitus (DM), a chronic metabolic disease-causing chronic hyperglycemia. Globally more than 90% cases are of type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Around 537 million adults worldwide had diabetes but according to data from Pakistan, female sufferers are marginally higher (26.4%) as compared to men (25.1%). The main causes of DM II are genetic predispositions, including consanguinity, dietary changes, urbanization and sedentary lifestyles. It is reported that postmenopausal status is linked to worsened glycemic control, increased visceral adiposity and and inflammation, and women before menopause generally have improved lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity. HIIT provides powerful and time-efficient benefits by alternating high-intensity workouts (85-95% HR\_Max) with recovery.

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

* Female patients aged 40-65 years with physician-diagnosed T2DM.
* Premenopausal (regular menstruation) or postmenopausal (≥12 months amenorrhea) (self-reported).
* Participants who have not engaged in any structured exercise sessions or gym workouts in the past six months.
* Willing to follow supervised HIIT protocol and provide informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Cardiovascular, orthopedic, or endocrine conditions contraindicating exercise.
* Current use of insulin or hormone replacement therapy.
* Participation in structured exercise programs in the past 6 months.
* Cognitive impairment or psychiatric illness

Conditions3

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