Effects of Virtual Reality and Stress Ball on Fear, Pain, Anxiety, and Satisfaction in Ureterorenoscopy Patients

Summary

This study aimed to determine the effects of virtual reality and stress ball interventions on procedure-related fear, anxiety, and patient satisfaction in patients undergoing ureterorenoscopy. The study is a prospective, randomized controlled clinical trial. The sample size was calculated to ensure sufficient statistical power to detect an effect size of Cohen's f = 0.333, considering α = 0.05, power (1-β) = 0.80, and number of groups = 3, resulting in 30 participants per group, for a total of 90 patients undergoing ureterorenoscopy. Data will be collected using the "Demographic Information Form," "State Anxiety Inventory," "Procedure-Related Fear Scale," "Visual Analog Scale," and "Newcastle Satisfaction with Nursing Care Scale." Upon admission to the clinic for the procedure, all patients will complete the "Demographic Information Form," "State Anxiety Inventory," and "Procedure-Related Fear Scale" prior to the surgical intervention. Patients in the virtual reality group will view nature scenes with relaxing music via a virtual reality headset in the clinic, with the sound level adjusted according to the patient's preference. Patients in the stress ball group will be instructed to squeeze the ball up to five counts every three counts. The control group will receive the routine pre-procedure procedures and standard care in the clinic. After the procedure, when patients return to the clinic (and are in bed), the "State Anxiety Inventory," "Visual Analog Scale," and "Newcastle Satisfaction with Nursing Care Scale" will be administered. Data analysis will include descriptive statistics and appropriate parametric or non-parametric tests (t-test, Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis). A p-value of \<0.05 will be considered statistically significant in comparisons.

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

* • Aged 18 years or older,

  * Scheduled for ureteroscopy (URS),
  * Fully conscious, oriented, and cooperative,
  * Provided written informed consent to participate in the study,
  * Able to speak and understand Turkish,
  * Without visual or hearing impairments,
  * No prior experience with virtual reality (VR),
  * Without any mental health disorders.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Those who do not wish to participate or who wish to withdraw from the study, • Patients with chronic pain.

Conditions2

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