Fluctuational Imaging for the Diagnosis of Hepatic Hemangioma: A Multicenter, Prospective Study

Summary

\[Background and Rationale\] Hepatic hemangioma is the most common benign tumor of the liver, with a reported prevalence of up to 20% in the general population. On B-mode ultrasonography, a typical hemangioma appears as a well-defined hyperechoic lesion compared with the surrounding liver parenchyma. However, hyperechogenicity is observed in only approximately 70% of cases, while the remaining lesions may appear hypoechoic or mixed echogenic. Additional sonographic features such as posterior acoustic enhancement or an echogenic rim may aid diagnosis, but none are specific to hemangioma. Consequently, contrast-enhanced CT or MRI is commonly required for definitive diagnosis, even when a hemangioma is strongly suspected on conventional ultrasound. In 2020, Kobayashi et al. (Ultrasound Med Biol 2021;47:941-946)reported a novel ultrasound finding termed the "fluttering sign," defined as continuous motion of tiny hyperechoic dots within a hemangioma during real-time scanning. Although the precise mechanism has not been experimentally validated, this phenomenon is presumed to reflect motion of acoustic scatterers, mainly red blood cells, induced by the ultrasound beam. The fluttering sign was observed in approximately 39% of hyperechoic hemangiomas and in up to 85% of hypoechoic or mixed-echoic hemangiomas, suggesting potential lesion specificity. A major limitation of the fluttering sign is its subjectivity, as visual assessment during real-time ultrasound is highly operator-dependent. To address this limitation, Imamura et al. (Sci Rep 2022;12:4701) developed a computer-based algorithm named Fluctuational Imaging (FLI), which objectively quantifies fluttering motion. FLI demonstrated almost perfect agreement with visual assessment of the fluttering sign (Cohen's kappa = 0.95). \[Study Objectives\] Although FLI is theoretically expected to be specific to hemangiomas, no study has systematically evaluated its behavior across a broad spectrum of non-hemangioma hepatic lesions. The primary objective of this study is to investigate whether the proportion of FLI-positive findings is significantly higher in hepatic hemangiomas than in non-hemangioma liver lesions. \[Risk-Benefit Assessment\] FLI is based on conventional diagnostic ultrasound physics and does not impose additional risk to patients. If FLI enables confident diagnosis of hepatic hemangioma using ultrasound alone, it may reduce unnecessary contrast-enhanced CT or MRI examinations, thereby decreasing healthcare costs, radiation exposure, and contrast-related risks. Overall, the anticipated benefits outweigh potential risks.

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

* Adults aged 19 years or older.
* Presence of a focal hepatic lesion measuring 1 cm or larger on ultrasonography.
* Lesion diagnosis established by pathology or lesion-specific imaging reference standards, or expected to be definitively established within 1 month after the FLI examination.
* Ability and willingness to provide written informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Inability to maintain stable breath-holding for at least 5 seconds during ultrasonography.
* Inadequate B-mode ultrasound image quality of the target lesion due to factors such as acoustic shadowing or severe beam attenuation.
* Target lesion measuring less than 1 cm on ultrasonography.
* Failure to establish a definitive diagnosis within 1 month after the FLI examination.

Conditions2

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