IL-33, sST2, and CRP in Panic Disorder

Summary

Panic disorder (PD) is characterized by recurrent and unexpected panic attacks and is associated with significant functional impairment. Increasing evidence suggests involvement of immune-inflammatory mechanisms in PD. Elevated levels of inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) have been reported in PD; however, interleukin-33 (IL-33) and soluble suppressor tumorogenicity-2 (sST2), components of the IL-33/sST2 signaling axis, have not previously been investigated in PD. This cross-sectional case-control study aims to compare peripheral serum IL-33, sST2, and CRP levels between drug-naïve subjects diagnosed with PD and healthy controls (HCs). The findings may contribute to understanding the inflammatory mechanisms underlying PD.

Eligibility

1. For Panic Disorder (PD) Group:

   \*Inclusion Criteria:
   * Being between 18-65 years of age
   * Having a diagnosis of panic disorder (PD) according to DSM-5-TR and having presented to the hospital with panic attack symptoms of the disorder
   * Not having previously used any medication for psychiatric purposes (drug-naive)
   * Not having any additional active psychiatric disorders besides PD at the current presentation
   * Absence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, renal failure, hepatic failure, neurological disease with cognitive impairment, acute infection, pregnancy, autoimmune disease, or cancer
   * Not having taken any medication or supplements in the last month
   * Completing sociodemographic and scale data fully
   * Volunteering to participate in the study

   For PD Group:

   \*Exclusion Criteria:

   • Being outside the 18-65 age range

   • Not meeting the diagnostic criteria for PD according to DSM-5-TR or being in good health

   • Having a history of psychiatric medication use

   • Having an additional psychiatric disorder besides PD at the current application

   • Presence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, renal failure, hepatic failure, neurological disease with cognitive impairment, acute infection, pregnancy, autoimmune disease, cancer

   • Patients with a body mass index (BMI) \<18.5 kg/m² and \>29.9 kg/m²
   * Taking any medication or supplement in the last month
   * Incomplete completion of sociodemographic and scale data
   * Not volunteering to participate in the study
2. For Healthy Control Group:

   * Inclusion Criteria:

     * Being between 18-65 years of age
     * Not having any active psychiatric disorder
     * Not having previously used any medication for psychiatric purposes (drug-naive)
     * Not having hypertension, diabetes mellitus, kidney failure, liver failure, neurological disease with cognitive impairment, acute infection, pregnancy, autoimmune disease, or cancer
     * Not having taken any medication or supplement in the last month
     * Completing sociodemographic and scale data fully
     * Volunteering to participate in the study

For Healthy Control Group:

\*Exclusion Criteria:

* Being outside the 18-65 age range
* Having any active psychiatric disorder
* Having a history of using psychiatric medication
* Having hypertension, diabetes mellitus, renal failure, hepatic failure, neurological disease with cognitive impairment, acute infection, pregnancy, autoimmune disease, or cancer
* Patients with a body mass index (BMI) \< 18.5 kg/m² and \> 29.9 kg/m²
* Taking any medication or supplement in the last month
* Incomplete completion of sociodemographic and scale data
* Not volunteering to participate in the study

Conditions2

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