Assessment of Pancreatic Dysfunction in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

Summary

The goal of this observational study is to better understand how the pancreas works in adults with type 2 diabetes. The study focuses on both hormone production (endocrine function) and digestive function (exocrine function) of the pancreas. The main questions it aims to answer are: * Can problems with the pancreas help identify a different type of diabetes called pancreatogenic diabetes? * How are blood markers and pancreas structure related to pancreatic function? Participants will: * Have blood tests to measure glucose, insulin, and other markers * Provide a stool sample to assess digestive function * Undergo an ultrasound examination of the pancreas * Answer questions about digestive symptoms The study will take place during a single visit in outpatient clinics.

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

* • adult patients of Kazakh nationality aged 18 to 74 years
* diagnosis of T2DM established according to ADA criteria and documented in medical records
* disease duration ≤5 years
* absence of ketoacidosis episodes within the last 6 months

Exclusion Criteria:

* positive anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies (anti-GAD65);
* acute or chronic infections affecting metabolic status within the previous 4 weeks;
* any history of malignant neoplasms;
* pregnancy or lactation;
* previously diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus or other specific types of diabetes;
* severe decompensated chronic diseases;
* conditions associated with systemic fibrosis (e.g., liver cirrhosis or autoimmune diseases);
* refusal to participate.

Conditions4

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