Ultra-Processing and Nutritional Quality: Glycemic Response, Appetite, Dietary Energy Intake, and Eating Rate

Summary

The UPGRADE Study will examine how food-processing level and nutritional quality affect energy intake, eating rate, satiety, and glycemic response. In a randomized-order crossover design, each participant will consume three laboratory test meals: low processing/high nutritional quality, high processing/high nutritional quality, and high processing/low nutritional quality. Food intake and eating rate will be measured using a Universal Eating Monitor, alongside satiety, glycemic response, and energy intake during the remainder of the day. The study will also explore whether anxiety and nutrition insecurity influence these responses. Comparisons between participants in Israel and the United States will assess whether background Mediterranean versus Western dietary patterns modify meal responses. The high-processing, low-nutritional-quality meal is expected to result in greater energy intake and eating rate, lower satiety, and a more pronounced glycemic response. Findings will inform future trials and dietary recommendations concerning ultra-processed foods and nutritional quality.

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

* body mass index (BMI) 20-40 kg/m2

Exclusion Criteria:

* pregnant nor lactating
* people with food allergies of food intolerance

Conditions3

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